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Capital flight
Capital flight, in economics, refers to the rapid movement of assets or money out of a country due to significant economic events. These may include higher taxes on capital or capital holders, a government default on its debt, or political instability. Such factors can unsettle investors, leading them to devalue domestic assets or lose confidence in the country's economic stability.
Typically, capital flight is a symptom rather than a cause of financial crises. However, in some cases, speculation about currency devaluation can trigger capital outflows. If investors anticipate devaluation, their actions can deplete central bank reserves, ultimately forcing the devaluation to occur. In such instances, capital flight contributes to financial instability, much like how panic-driven withdrawals can cause a stable bank to collapse.
CV WRITING
Government Debt
- When a government spends more than it collects in taxes, it borrows from the private sector to finance the budget deficit
- The accumulation of past borrowing is the government debt
- Traditional view of government debt
- Government borrowing reduces national savings and crowds out capital accumulation
- Ricardian Equivalence
- Government debt doesn’t influence national saving and capital accumulation
- The debate of different views of government debt arises from disagreements over how consumers respond to government’s debt policy
Econometrics
Econometrics is divided into theoretical and applied components.
GPA GRADES
Grade
|
Grade
Point
|
Definition
|
Score
Range
|
A
|
5
|
Excellent
|
100-75
|
B+
|
4
|
Well
Above Average (Very Good)
|
74-65
|
B
|
3
|
Above
Average (Good)
|
64-55
|
C
|
2
|
Average
(Satisfactory)
|
54-45
|
D
|
1
|
Below
Average (Poor)
|
44-35
|
F
|
0
|
Failure
|
34-0
|
I
|
Incomplete
|
Grade
|
Grade Point
|
Definition
|
Score
Range
|
A
|
5
|
Excellent
|
100-70
|
B+
|
4
|
Well
Above Average (Very Good)
|
69
– 60
|
B
|
3
|
Above
Average (Good)
|
59
– 50
|
C
|
2
|
Average
(Satisfactory)
|
49
– 40
|
D
|
1
|
Below
Average (Poor)
|
35 – 44
|
F
|
0
|
Failure
|
30
– 0
|
I
|
Incomplete
|
Class
of Award
|
Cumulative
GPA
|
First
Class
|
4.4
to 5.0
|
Upper
Second Class
|
3.5 to 4.3
|
Lower
Second Class
|
2.7
to 3.4
|
Pass
|
2.0
to 2.6
|
ECONOMIES OF SCALE
Economies of Scale
The condition that long-run average cost is greater than long-run marginal cost (LRAC > LRMC) means that a firm is operating to the left of the minimum point of its long-run average cost curve (the minimum efficient scale of production). This is the economies of scale range of production, characterized by a negatively-sloped long-run average cost curve. This condition means a firm has NOT constructed the most technically efficient factory. The firm is NOT producing output at the lowest possible long-run per unit cost. By increasing production, long-run average cost decreases.
LRAC > LRMC
Excess Capacity
Excess Capacity
The condition that short-run average total cost exceeds short-run marginal cost equals (ATC > MC) means that a firm is NOT operating at the minimum point of its short-run average total cost curve. In fact, this condition means that the firm is producing a smaller quantity than that achieved at this minimum point. Moreover, this means that a firm is NOT producing output at the lowest possible per unit cost and that the capital(or factory) is NOT being used in the most technically efficient manner possible.
ATC > MC
LOSS MINIMIZATION RULE:
A rule stating that a firm minimizes economic loss by producing output in the short run that equates marginal revenue and marginal cost if price is less than average total cost but greater than average variable cost. This is one of three short-run production alternatives facing a firm. The other two are profit maximization (if price exceeds average total cost) and shutdown (if price is less than average variable cost).
| Production Alternatives | |
|---|---|
| Price and Cost | Result |
| P > ATC | Profit Maximization |
| ATC > P > AVC | Loss Minimization |
| P < AVC | Shutdown |