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Saturday, January 2, 2016
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GRAVITY MODEL

The gravity model of international trade in international economics, similar to other gravity models in social science, predicts bilateral trade flows based on the economic sizes (often using GDP measurements) and distance between two units.
Tuesday, December 1, 2015
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Capital flight

Capital flight, in economics, refers to the rapid movement of assets or money out of a country due to significant economic events. These may include higher taxes on capital or capital holders, a government default on its debt, or political instability. Such factors can unsettle investors, leading them to devalue domestic assets or lose confidence in the country's economic stability.

Typically, capital flight is a symptom rather than a cause of financial crises. However, in some cases, speculation about currency devaluation can trigger capital outflows. If investors anticipate devaluation, their actions can deplete central bank reserves, ultimately forcing the devaluation to occur. In such instances, capital flight contributes to financial instability, much like how panic-driven withdrawals can cause a stable bank to collapse.


Friday, October 16, 2015
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CV WRITING

 A CV is short (usually a maximum of two sides of A4 paper), and therefore contains only a summary of the job seeker's employment history, qualifications, education, and some personal information. It conveys your personal details in the way that presents you in the best possible light, A CV is a marketing document in which you are marketing something: yourself! You need to "sell" your skills, abilities, qualifications and experience to employers. It can be used to make multiple applications to employers in a specific career area.
Saturday, September 26, 2015
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Government Debt


Introduction
  • When a government spends more than it collects in taxes, it borrows from the private sector to finance the budget deficit
  • The accumulation of past borrowing is the government debt
  • Traditional view of government debt
    • Government borrowing reduces national savings and crowds out capital accumulation
  • Ricardian Equivalence
    • Government debt doesn’t influence national saving and capital accumulation
  • The debate of different views of government debt arises from disagreements over how consumers respond to government’s debt policy
Friday, September 26, 2014
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Econometrics

Econometric is the application of mathematicsstatistical methods, and, more recently, computer science, to economic data and is described as the branch of economics that aims to give empirical content to economic relations by  M. Hashem Pesaran (1987). "Econometrics," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,


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Econometrics is divided into theoretical and applied components.

Theoretical econometricians investigate the properties of existing statistical tests and procedures for estimating unknowns in the model. They also seek to develop new statistical procedures that are valid (or robust) despite the peculiarities of economic data—such as their tendency to change simultaneously. Theoretical econometric relies heavily on mathematics, theoretical statistics, and numerical methods to prove that the new procedures have the ability to draw correct inferences.

Applied econometricians, by contrast, use econometric techniques developed by the theorists to translate qualitative economic statements into quantitative ones. Because applied econometricians are closer to the data, they often run into—and alert their theoretical counterparts to—data attributes that lead to problems with existing estimation techniques. For example, the econometrician might discover that the variance of the data (how much individual values in a series differ from the overall average) is changing over time

 In a way most economists are applied as they test their ideas but only a few remain theoretical ones. Someone like Chris Sims is more like a theoretical econometrician whereas others who use his VAR model are the applied types. So when you study economics at higher levels, you may not opt for a theoretical application of econometric but applications of the tools is highly desired.
Friday, September 12, 2014
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GPA GRADES

GRADE SYSTEM
At the time of compilation of scores in both continuous assessment and final examinations, the
Numerical and letter grading schemes are used as follows.

GRADE  SYSTEM  FOR  DIPLOMA :
SCORE RANGE, GRADE AND GRADE POINT
NTA Level- 6 - DIPLOMA
Grade  
Grade Point    
Definition     
Score Range

A
5
Excellent
100-75
B+  
4
Well Above Average (Very Good)   
74-65
B
3
Above Average (Good)   
64-55
C
2
Average (Satisfactory)   
  54-45
D
1
Below Average (Poor)
44-35
F
0
Failure 
34-0
I
Incomplete



GRADE SYSTEM FOR DEGREE:
NTA Level- 8 – DEGREE
Grade 
   Grade Point
    Definition     
Score Range

A
5
Excellent
100-70
B+  
4
Well Above Average (Very Good)

69 – 60

B
3
Above Average (Good)
59 – 50
C
2
Average (Satisfactory)  
49 – 40
D
1
Below Average (Poor)
  35 – 44
F
0
Failure  
30 – 0
I
Incomplete




GRADE POINT AVERAGE:
Award Classifications
Class of Award   
Cumulative GPA

First Class
4.4 to 5.0

Upper Second Class
   3.5 to 4.3

Lower Second Class
2.7 to 3.4

Pass
2.0 to 2.6




Award of Honors Degree:

A degree with honors shall be awarded to a candidate obtaining a First or Second class upper   the candidate has passed all examinations at first sitting; without supplementary examination or carry over in any particular academic year.
Thursday, May 1, 2014
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ECONOMIES OF SCALE

Economies of Scale

LRAC > LRMC
The condition that long-run average cost is greater than long-run marginal cost (LRAC > LRMC) means that a firm is operating to the left of the minimum point of its long-run average cost curve (the minimum efficient scale of production). This is the economies of scale range of production, characterized by a negatively-sloped long-run average cost curve. This condition means a firm has NOT constructed the most technically efficient factory. The firm is NOT producing output at the lowest possible long-run per unit cost. By increasing production, long-run average cost decreases.
When the long-run average cost exceeds long-run marginal cost, Manny's sandwich production is not at the minimum point on his long-run average cost curve. Manny can produce meals at a lower per unit cost in the long run by taking advantage of economies of scale, such as volume resource price discounts, input specialization, etc.

Long-run equilibrium for a monopolistically competitive industry achieves the condition (LRMC > LRAC), which means that firms are not producing output at the lowest possible per unit cost.
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Excess Capacity

Excess Capacity

ATC > MC
The condition that short-run average total cost exceeds short-run marginal cost equals (ATC > MC) means that a firm is NOT operating at the minimum point of its short-run average total cost curve. In fact, this condition means that the firm is producing a smaller quantity than that achieved at this minimum point. Moreover, this means that a firm is NOT producing output at the lowest possible per unit cost and that the capital(or factory) is NOT being used in the most technically efficient manner possible.
Thursday, April 10, 2014
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LOSS MINIMIZATION RULE:

A rule stating that a firm minimizes economic loss by producing output in the short run that equates marginal revenue and marginal cost if price is less than average total cost but greater than average variable cost. This is one of three short-run production alternatives facing a firm. The other two are profit maximization (if price exceeds average total cost) and shutdown (if price is less than average variable cost).
Production Alternatives
Price and CostResult
P > ATCProfit Maximization
ATC > P > AVCLoss Minimization
P < AVCShutdown
The loss minimization rule applies to a firm that is incurring a short-run economic loss that is less than total fixed cost. This occurs if the price received is less than average total cost, but greater than average variable cost. It is not an absolute rule so much as it is an alternative that any profit maximizing firm is inclined to pursue given production cost and market conditions.
Loss minimization is one of three short-run production alternatives facing a firm. All three are displayed in the table presented here. The other two areprofit maximization and shutdown.

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